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2(a) # What is analytical and synthetic statements # all bodies are extended is analytical: as body implicitly implies it is extended in nature .thus it is tautology..meaning of statement is verified by its words itself( linguistic theory of necessary proposition) # All bodies are heavy: though we know the meaning of word body but to verify whether it is heavy or not , empirical experience is needed: thus synthetic # lp said there is categorical difference between analytical and synthetic statements. Kant criticised it with view of SAJ. Example every event has a cause: here event means successive moments. Cause means connection between two events..word cause is not present in ebevt thus synthetic in nature. # it is not analytical in nature as analytical gives only universal and necessary knowledge but according to kant knowledge is system of SAJ..this statement is synthetic as well as apriori ( causality is pure concept)
2(b) Picture theory of meaning is central concept in early view of wiitengenstein philosophy. Picture thoery of meaning means language is the picture of world There is point to point correspondence between linguistic structure of language and metaphysical structure of reality. Flowchart is made showing linguistic and metaphysical structure Language is totality of propositions and reality is totality of facts.. propositions are truthful functions of facts. Pictures are actual states of affairs.. picture is true if it actually explain the true state of affairs
According to picture theory word has fixed meaning and three principles: structural identity, isomorphic similarly, rules of projection: correspomdence of word and object through mental act.
Criticism and use theory. #Wittengstein later criticised his early view and said how it is taken for granted that language has fixed Meaning.. #There is no intrinsic meaning of word..meaning lies in its use..to understand its use ..it is required to understand the context.( Use and meaning theory) # philosophical problems arises due to use of word in its fixed meaning.. # rules of correspondence is not mental act as it creates private language and soliocism..rules of language decides by language itself. #Example water is H20 , water is hot, water is cold..in first sentence is denotes equality and in other is shows quality of water. # he explained it with help of language games..as game is some sort of activity..similar language.. tools box example..as game is played by particular rule and application of one rule to other creates problem similarly one rule of language can't be applied to another.. ###
2(c) According to Aristotle substance is formed matter and is concrete individual. Form is principle of actualisation and matter is principle of potentiality.. #Origin of Aristotle view is in criticism of Plato theory of ideas. Aristole was concerned with change and dynamism in world of becoming. According to plato, ideas are substance and exist in transcendental world..there is idea of good and all things move towards this idea of good.. ideas being in transcendental world and eternal don't explain change in this world of becoming. Aristotle criticsed this transcendental notion of substance and said end is in this universe only ,not outside the empirical world and replaced it with realistic notion of substance.( Form + matter) # with the help of causal theory, Aristotle concluded that all objects in this universe Is made of. Form and matter. Either form or matter is mere abstraction and only concrte individual is form plus matter ( substance) # what is form and matter How resolve change and permanence: with potentiality and actuality( explained it fully).. change due to potentiality and permanence as moving toward unmoved mover
Maine to every event has a cause main.... tumse kaafi alag answer likha hai. For Desccarte, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke Berkely it will be a tautology as they belive causeal relation is necessay. For Hume it will be analytic, as for him there is no necessity For Buddha , it is an avyaktani , He wont say anything For kant it is a category, innate apriori but can't say whether analytic or synthetic.
For epistomological status of clear and distinct, I have written it makes knowledge is completely dervied from reason, there is no role of experience.. This tradition is carried forwarded by Spinoza and Leibniz, found its climax in Hegel i..e. Real is rational and rational is real. But are criticised vehemently by logical positivist, Empirical philosopher shows knowledge is completely formed by reason for which Locke gave arguments to reject nativism. Finally, Kant reconcilled the two thought , which is even held by nyaya school. that there is equal role of reason and experience.
Overall I find both paper lengthy (attempted 450)... Difficulty wise same as last year. But i have done blunder in Padartha wala question, I have written characteristic of substance , will get zero there. Feeling low (loss of min 5 marks).... Hope UPSC dont butcher philosophy unlike last 2 year. May Philosophy give all of us abundant marks.
2(a) # What is analytical and synthetic statements # all bodies are extended is analytical: as body implicitly implies it is extended in nature .thus it is tautology..meaning of statement is verified by its words itself( linguistic theory of necessary proposition) # All bodies are heavy: though we know the meaning of word body but to verify whether it is heavy or not , empirical experience is needed: thus synthetic # lp said there is categorical difference between analytical and synthetic statements. Kant criticised it with view of SAJ. Example every event has a cause: here event means successive moments. Cause means connection between two events..word cause is not present in ebevt thus synthetic in nature. # it is not analytical in nature as analytical gives only universal and necessary knowledge but according to kant knowledge is system of SAJ..this statement is synthetic as well as apriori ( causality is pure concept)
2(b) Picture theory of meaning is central concept in early view of wiitengenstein philosophy. Picture thoery of meaning means language is the picture of world There is point to point correspondence between linguistic structure of language and metaphysical structure of reality. Flowchart is made showing linguistic and metaphysical structure Language is totality of propositions and reality is totality of facts.. propositions are truthful functions of facts. Pictures are actual states of affairs.. picture is true if it actually explain the true state of affairs
According to picture theory word has fixed meaning and three principles: structural identity, isomorphic similarly, rules of projection: correspomdence of word and object through mental act.
Criticism and use theory. #Wittengstein later criticised his early view and said how it is taken for granted that language has fixed Meaning.. #There is no intrinsic meaning of word..meaning lies in its use..to understand its use ..it is required to understand the context.( Use and meaning theory) # philosophical problems arises due to use of word in its fixed meaning.. # rules of correspondence is not mental act as it creates private language and soliocism..rules of language decides by language itself. #Example water is H20 , water is hot, water is cold..in first sentence is denotes equality and in other is shows quality of water. # he explained it with help of language games..as game is some sort of activity..similar language.. tools box example..as game is played by particular rule and application of one rule to other creates problem similarly one rule of language can't be applied to another.. ###
2(c) According to Aristotle substance is formed matter and is concrete individual. Form is principle of actualisation and matter is principle of potentiality.. #Origin of Aristotle view is in criticism of Plato theory of ideas. Aristole was concerned with change and dynamism in world of becoming. According to plato, ideas are substance and exist in transcendental world..there is idea of good and all things move towards this idea of good.. ideas being in transcendental world and eternal don't explain change in this world of becoming. Aristotle criticsed this transcendental notion of substance and said end is in this universe only ,not outside the empirical world and replaced it with realistic notion of substance.( Form + matter) # with the help of causal theory, Aristotle concluded that all objects in this universe Is made of. Form and matter. Either form or matter is mere abstraction and only concrte individual is form plus matter ( substance) # what is form and matter How resolve change and permanence: with potentiality and actuality( explained it fully).. change due to potentiality and permanence as moving toward unmoved mover
Maine to every event has a cause main.... tumse kaafi alag answer likha hai. For Desccarte, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke Berkely it will be a tautology as they belive causeal relation is necessay. For Hume it will be analytic, as for him there is no necessity For Buddha , it is an avyaktani , He wont say anything For kant it is a category, innate apriori but can't say whether analytic or synthetic.
For epistomological status of clear and distinct, I have written it makes knowledge is completely dervied from reason, there is no role of experience.. This tradition is carried forwarded by Spinoza and Leibniz, found its climax in Hegel i..e. Real is rational and rational is real. But are criticised vehemently by logical positivist, Empirical philosopher shows knowledge is completely formed by reason for which Locke gave arguments to reject nativism. Finally, Kant reconcilled the two thought , which is even held by nyaya school. that there is equal role of reason and experience.
Overall I find both paper lengthy (attempted 450)... Difficulty wise same as last year. But i have done blunder in Padartha wala question, I have written characteristic of substance , will get zero there. Feeling low (loss of min 5 marks).... Hope UPSC dont butcher philosophy unlike last 2 year. May Philosophy give all of us abundant marks.
Bhai Kant has used the statement to prove possibility of SAJ in physics...
2(a) # What is analytical and synthetic statements # all bodies are extended is analytical: as body implicitly implies it is extended in nature .thus it is tautology..meaning of statement is verified by its words itself( linguistic theory of necessary proposition) # All bodies are heavy: though we know the meaning of word body but to verify whether it is heavy or not , empirical experience is needed: thus synthetic # lp said there is categorical difference between analytical and synthetic statements. Kant criticised it with view of SAJ. Example every event has a cause: here event means successive moments. Cause means connection between two events..word cause is not present in ebevt thus synthetic in nature. # it is not analytical in nature as analytical gives only universal and necessary knowledge but according to kant knowledge is system of SAJ..this statement is synthetic as well as apriori ( causality is pure concept)
2(b) Picture theory of meaning is central concept in early view of wiitengenstein philosophy. Picture thoery of meaning means language is the picture of world There is point to point correspondence between linguistic structure of language and metaphysical structure of reality. Flowchart is made showing linguistic and metaphysical structure Language is totality of propositions and reality is totality of facts.. propositions are truthful functions of facts. Pictures are actual states of affairs.. picture is true if it actually explain the true state of affairs
According to picture theory word has fixed meaning and three principles: structural identity, isomorphic similarly, rules of projection: correspomdence of word and object through mental act.
Criticism and use theory. #Wittengstein later criticised his early view and said how it is taken for granted that language has fixed Meaning.. #There is no intrinsic meaning of word..meaning lies in its use..to understand its use ..it is required to understand the context.( Use and meaning theory) # philosophical problems arises due to use of word in its fixed meaning.. # rules of correspondence is not mental act as it creates private language and soliocism..rules of language decides by language itself. #Example water is H20 , water is hot, water is cold..in first sentence is denotes equality and in other is shows quality of water. # he explained it with help of language games..as game is some sort of activity..similar language.. tools box example..as game is played by particular rule and application of one rule to other creates problem similarly one rule of language can't be applied to another.. ###
2(c) According to Aristotle substance is formed matter and is concrete individual. Form is principle of actualisation and matter is principle of potentiality.. #Origin of Aristotle view is in criticism of Plato theory of ideas. Aristole was concerned with change and dynamism in world of becoming. According to plato, ideas are substance and exist in transcendental world..there is idea of good and all things move towards this idea of good.. ideas being in transcendental world and eternal don't explain change in this world of becoming. Aristotle criticsed this transcendental notion of substance and said end is in this universe only ,not outside the empirical world and replaced it with realistic notion of substance.( Form + matter) # with the help of causal theory, Aristotle concluded that all objects in this universe Is made of. Form and matter. Either form or matter is mere abstraction and only concrte individual is form plus matter ( substance) # what is form and matter How resolve change and permanence: with potentiality and actuality( explained it fully).. change due to potentiality and permanence as moving toward unmoved mover
Maine to every event has a cause main.... tumse kaafi alag answer likha hai. For Desccarte, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke Berkely it will be a tautology as they belive causeal relation is necessay. For Hume it will be analytic, as for him there is no necessity For Buddha , it is an avyaktani , He wont say anything For kant it is a category, innate apriori but can't say whether analytic or synthetic.
For epistomological status of clear and distinct, I have written it makes knowledge is completely dervied from reason, there is no role of experience.. This tradition is carried forwarded by Spinoza and Leibniz, found its climax in Hegel i..e. Real is rational and rational is real. But are criticised vehemently by logical positivist, Empirical philosopher shows knowledge is completely formed by reason for which Locke gave arguments to reject nativism. Finally, Kant reconcilled the two thought , which is even held by nyaya school. that there is equal role of reason and experience.
Overall I find both paper lengthy (attempted 450)... Difficulty wise same as last year. But i have done blunder in Padartha wala question, I have written characteristic of substance , will get zero there. Feeling low (loss of min 5 marks).... Hope UPSC dont butcher philosophy unlike last 2 year. May Philosophy give all of us abundant marks.
Bhai Kant has used the statement to prove possibility of SAJ in physics...
Are haan yaar, galat likh diye... Baahut Bekaar marks aane waale hain iss baar, aur bhi aisi gaaltiyan rahi hogi.
1(d) Plato in a plea to solve the problem of being and becoming, he gives his theory of ideas.
In Republic he defines Idea/universal using example of beauty. He says many things are beautiful and they are particular exemplifications of the essence of beauty which he calls universal, particular, Plato introduces dicotomoy of the worlds, Ideas are transcendental in the sense, they are not found in empirical world. While the are immanent as far as they get impressed on Platonic matter and unity gets manifested in the form of diversity.
Plato explains the ways in which being penetrates into not being and becomes immanentˆ.
1) Copy theory - Ideas = archetypes, Particulars = imperfect copies. Trancendetal ideas gets reflected as immanent in particulars as copies
2) Imitation theory - particulars imitate their ideas. -- gets immanent
3) Participation theory
Thus, Ideas as the only objective realities are transcendent, and as the source of being of whole empirical world, it becomes immanent.
Critic - Aristotle says fails to explain how transcend ideas become immanet and criticed on two front - Plato fails to explain nature of ideas and relation between 2 workds. then wrote 3-4 critic mainly for particulat-idea relation
Started that Hume a staunch empiricist took empiricism to Zenith.
Explained his basic funds like what are ideas, and impressions are copies of it.
Rejection of rational pyschology - Rejects permanent self (permanent physical world) and talks about bundle theory
Rejection of rational theology - Here talked that no Impressions of God's ideas, used his 'is-ought' critic which he did in cosmological arguments, etc. Rejection of permanent metaphyscical God.
Rejection of causation and rejection of cosmology -- for physical permanent things (cosmos)
This ended in a hopeless skepticism
Then Came to Critic, Kant - Concepts w/o percepts are bling, Took up things individually 1) For self - Kant says Hume tries to know the knower, 2) Causation - a category itself
Aristotle introduces the concept of form and matter explain the problem of being and becoming scientifically.
Criticized Plato for making form transcendental, and static...
Form - universal, gives identity to the substance, nothing in itself when seen seperated from matter
Matter - matter is simply a substratum, nothing in itself when seen as different frm form.
Then i wrote definition of substance - metaphysically its than which is identifiable concrete particular (the permanence), and it must subsist through change. (the dynamism)
Formed matter is thus the subtsance for Aristotle. Form gives identity while matter gets identified due to form and is the substratum. Form has the principle of actuality which imparts teleological motion (Formal cause in causation) to matter and matter gets acted upon, has the potentiality to become a more concrete form while subsisting though change. (material cause).
Critic me i wrote Actus Purus, everything it directed towards. The very acceptance of Actus Purus destroys the concept of change and permanence which he introduced through his substance. Actus purus is static and formless matter while according to his substance's definiton, it should not have been the case.
8.b rough sketch Ramanujas god: sadaiswarya ; omnibenevolent; has svagat bheda; similar to sankaras iswara ;soul of souls; has chit and achit as parts; undergoes parinamavada; manifests as para vyuha vibhava archavtara antaryami
Difficulties in explaining reln --Apratak sidhi sambandh which is an organic relation --much deeper than samavaya or conjunction of vaisesika yet fails --Multiple ultimate realities -- conflict just like leibnitz monads; sankhyas purusa and prakriti; jainas anekantavada --If god is made of chit and achit -- prone to afflictions --Sankaras conception is better-hold brahman transcendentally while accepting iswara vyavaharikally --Sarvajnatma muni says ramanujas god is preliminary for sankaras transcendal brhman
--Explain knowledge of mimamsa and its conditions 1. karanadosarahita-free from defective causes 2.badhakajnana rahita-shouldnt be set aside by subsequent knowledge 3.agrihitagrahi-novelty 4.Yathartha-realism
--Explained svatah pramanyavada or intrinsic validity --pramanayam svatah utapadayate ; pramanyam svatah jnatayecha --if all is intrinsic valid what about error- wrote briefly
--Explained paratah pramanyavada --conflict with nyayas paratah pramanyavada explained --Criticism of naiyakas pramanyavaa 1-regressus ad infitum 2. if knowledge is neutral it is devoid of all logical value
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Comments
For Desccarte, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke Berkely it will be a tautology as they belive causeal relation is necessay.
For Hume it will be analytic, as for him there is no necessity
For Buddha , it is an avyaktani , He wont say anything
For kant it is a category, innate apriori but can't say whether analytic or synthetic.
For epistomological status of clear and distinct, I have written it makes knowledge is completely dervied from reason, there is no role of experience.. This tradition is carried forwarded by Spinoza and Leibniz, found its climax in Hegel i..e. Real is rational and rational is real. But are criticised vehemently by logical positivist, Empirical philosopher shows knowledge is completely formed by reason for which Locke gave arguments to reject nativism.
Finally, Kant reconcilled the two thought , which is even held by nyaya school. that there is equal role of reason and experience.
Overall I find both paper lengthy (attempted 450)... Difficulty wise same as last year. But i have done blunder in Padartha wala question, I have written characteristic of substance , will get zero there. Feeling low (loss of min 5 marks).... Hope UPSC dont butcher philosophy unlike last 2 year. May Philosophy give all of us abundant marks.
In Republic he defines Idea/universal using example of beauty. He says many things are beautiful and they are particular exemplifications of the essence of beauty which he calls universal, particular, Plato introduces dicotomoy of the worlds, Ideas are transcendental in the sense, they are not found in empirical world. While the are immanent as far as they get impressed on Platonic matter and unity gets manifested in the form of diversity.
Plato explains the ways in which being penetrates into not being and becomes immanentˆ.
1) Copy theory - Ideas = archetypes, Particulars = imperfect copies. Trancendetal ideas gets reflected as immanent in particulars as copies
2) Imitation theory - particulars imitate their ideas. -- gets immanent
3) Participation theory
Thus, Ideas as the only objective realities are transcendent, and as the source of being of whole empirical world, it becomes immanent.
Critic - Aristotle says fails to explain how transcend ideas become immanet and criticed on two front - Plato fails to explain nature of ideas and relation between 2 workds. then wrote 3-4 critic mainly for particulat-idea relation
Started that Hume a staunch empiricist took empiricism to Zenith.
Explained his basic funds like what are ideas, and impressions are copies of it.
Rejection of rational pyschology - Rejects permanent self (permanent physical world) and talks about bundle theory
Rejection of rational theology - Here talked that no Impressions of God's ideas, used his 'is-ought' critic which he did in cosmological arguments, etc. Rejection of permanent metaphyscical God.
Rejection of causation and rejection of cosmology -- for physical permanent things (cosmos)
This ended in a hopeless skepticism
Then Came to Critic, Kant - Concepts w/o percepts are bling, Took up things individually 1) For self - Kant says Hume tries to know the knower, 2) Causation - a category itself
Aristotle introduces the concept of form and matter explain the problem of being and becoming scientifically.
Criticized Plato for making form transcendental, and static...
Form - universal, gives identity to the substance, nothing in itself when seen seperated from matter
Matter - matter is simply a substratum, nothing in itself when seen as different frm form.
Then i wrote definition of substance - metaphysically its than which is identifiable concrete particular (the permanence), and it must subsist through change. (the dynamism)
Formed matter is thus the subtsance for Aristotle. Form gives identity while matter gets identified due to form and is the substratum. Form has the principle of actuality which imparts teleological motion (Formal cause in causation) to matter and matter gets acted upon, has the potentiality to become a more concrete form while subsisting though change. (material cause).
Critic me i wrote Actus Purus, everything it directed towards. The very acceptance of Actus Purus destroys the concept of change and permanence which he introduced through his substance. Actus purus is static and formless matter while according to his substance's definiton, it should not have been the case.
Ramanujas god: sadaiswarya ; omnibenevolent; has svagat bheda; similar to sankaras iswara ;soul of souls; has chit and achit as parts; undergoes parinamavada; manifests as para vyuha vibhava archavtara antaryami
Difficulties in explaining reln
--Apratak sidhi sambandh which is an organic relation
--much deeper than samavaya or conjunction of vaisesika yet fails
--Multiple ultimate realities -- conflict just like leibnitz monads; sankhyas purusa and prakriti; jainas anekantavada
--If god is made of chit and achit -- prone to afflictions
--Sankaras conception is better-hold brahman transcendentally while accepting iswara vyavaharikally
--Sarvajnatma muni says ramanujas god is preliminary for sankaras transcendal brhman
--Explain knowledge of mimamsa and its conditions
1. karanadosarahita-free from defective causes
2.badhakajnana rahita-shouldnt be set aside by subsequent knowledge
3.agrihitagrahi-novelty
4.Yathartha-realism
--Explained svatah pramanyavada or intrinsic validity
--pramanayam svatah utapadayate ; pramanyam svatah jnatayecha
--if all is intrinsic valid what about error- wrote briefly
--Explained paratah pramanyavada
--conflict with nyayas paratah pramanyavada explained
--Criticism of naiyakas pramanyavaa 1-regressus ad infitum 2. if knowledge is neutral it is devoid of all logical value
--Thus knowledge has to be intrinsically valid